Introduction Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, is one of the most significant internal security challenges faced by India. It represents an armed insurgency driven by extremist ideological groups that seek to overthrow the democratic state through violent revolutionary means. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, Left Wing Extremism refers to … Read more
Environmental migration is emerging as one of the most significant non-traditional internal security challenges of the twenty-first century. This comprehensive guide explains how climate change, environmental degradation, and human mobility influence governance, urbanisation, resource competition, organised crime, border management, and national security. Designed for UPSC, JKPSC, JKAS, CAPF, and State PCS aspirants, this chapter provides conceptual clarity, analytical depth, government initiatives, way forward, FAQs, and a comprehensive mind map.