Introduction Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, is one of the most significant internal security challenges faced by India. It represents an armed insurgency driven by extremist ideological groups that seek to overthrow the democratic state through violent revolutionary means. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, Left Wing Extremism refers to … Read more
In the digital age, data has emerged as one of the most valuable strategic assets, influencing governance, economic development, technological innovation, and national security. This chapter explores the concepts of Data Protection and Data Sovereignty, examines how data can be weaponised through cyber espionage, disinformation, and cyberattacks, and analyses India’s legal, institutional, and policy framework for securing digital information. It also discusses key challenges, government initiatives, real-world case studies, and the way forward for building a secure, trusted, and sovereign digital ecosystem. Designed for UPSC, JKPSC, JKAS, and other competitive examinations, the chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of one of the most critical dimensions of contemporary internal security.